![]() ![]() ![]() They protect cultural and educational rights of ethnic and religious minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and administer their own educational institutions.Īll people, irrespective of race, religion, caste or sex, have the right to approach the High Courts or the Supreme Court for the enforcement of their fundamental rights. They forbid human trafficking and unfree labour. Specifically, they resulted in abolishment of un-touchability and prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. They have been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices. These rights are neither absolute nor immune from constitutional amendments. Violations of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code, subject to discretion of the judiciary. These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, incorporated in the fundamental law of the land and are enforceable in a court of law. Huge rallies like this one in Kolkata are commonplace in India. The formal concept of civil liberties is often dated back to Magna Carta, an English legal charter agreed in 1215 which in turn was based on pre-existing documents, namely the Charter of Liberties. ![]() Another matter of debate is the suspension or alteration of certain civil liberties in times of war or state of emergency, including whether and to what extent this should occur. Whether the existence of victimless crimes infringes upon civil liberties is also a matter of dispute. The degree to which democracies acknowledge civil liberties is affected by the influence of terrorism. In authoritarian regimes in which government censorship impedes on perceived civil liberties, some civil liberty advocates argue for the use of anonymity tools to allow for free speech, privacy, and anonymity. Controversial examples include property rights, reproductive rights, and civil marriage. The existence of some claimed civil liberties is a matter of dispute, as are the extent of most civil rights. Other nations have enacted similar laws through a variety of legal means, including signing and ratifying or otherwise giving effect to key conventions such as the European Convention on Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Many contemporary nations have a constitution, a bill of rights, or similar constitutional documents that enumerate and seek to guarantee civil liberties. Broken Liberty: Istanbul Archaeology Museum ![]()
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